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{section:15/10/2007}{3} on the specific application of in vitro gas a-amylase inhibition assays in combination with molecular docking to the evaluation of the antidiabetic potential of some common plant extracts. In summary, our molecular docking analysis has confirmed the inhibitory role of some the medicinal plant-derived bioactive compounds. Among the investigated ligands, quercetin, and taxifolin showed promising and better binding affinity with the α-amylase enzyme compared to acarbose. The pharmacological docking studies showed that all the ligands had drug-likeness. This is because they follow the Lipinski Rule of Five, having molecular weights of less than $500 ext { g mol, } ext { nHBA extless{} } 10 ext { and } ext { nHBD extless{} } 5 ext { with log } P ext { value } < 5 ext { . Based on the results, } we can say that these compounds can be further utilized as lead for the development of new potential antidiabetic drugs. However, further in vivo investigations and clinical trials are required to check their efficiency. } \\ ext { Author Contributions: S.A., M.U., and S.W. designed the study, conducted the experiments, and wrote the } \\ ext { manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript. } \\ ext { Acknowledgements: The authors are thankful to the management of the Government College University } \\ ext { Faisalabad for providing the facilities to perform this research. } \\ ext { Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. } \\ ext { References } \\ ext { 1. Zhang, S., Gu, J., He, J., Xiao, Z., Pan, S., Chen, Y., Wu, C., Zhang, Y., Zhao, Y., Cheng, L., Ma, J., } \\ ext { 2021. Polysaccharides from mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf prevents against N-nitrosodimethylamine } \\ ext { induced liver injury in rats. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 166, 1220–1230. } \\ ext { 2. Ganesan, K., Xu, B., 2017. 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Sudha, P., Zanjad, P.N., Reddy, A.M., Adnan, M., Arshad, M., } 2011 . ext { Evaluation of alpha-amylase } \\ ext { and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory potential of selected antidiabetic herbs. International Journal of } \\ ext { Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 3, 293-296. } \\ ext { 7. Kim, Y.M., Wang, M.H., Rhee, H.I., 2004. A alpha-glucosidase inhibitor from the isoquercitrin } \\ ext { from Juniperus rigida. Archives of Pharmacal Research 27, 233–236. } \\ ext { 8. Taha, M., Ismail, N.H., Imran, S., Wadood, A., Khan, K.M., 2015. Synthesis, } ext { ext { d-glucoside inhibition } } \\ ext { and molecular docking studies of coumarin triazole derivatives. Bioorganic chemistry 58, 81–88. } \\ ext { 9. Kim, Y.M., Jeong, Y.K., Wang, M.H., Li, W.Y., Rhee, H.I., 2005. Inhibitory effect of pine extract } \\ ext { on } ext { ext {-glucosidase activity. Phytotherapy Research 19, 932-936. } } \\ ext { 10. Buchholz, T., Melzig, M.F., 2016. Polyphenolic compounds as pancreatic lipase inhibitors. } \\ ext { Planta Medica 82, 1396-1406. } \\ ext { 11. de Sales, P.M., de Souza, P.M., Simeoni, L.A., Magalhães, P.O., Silveira, D., 2012. } ext { ext {-Amylase } } \\ ext { inhibitors: a review of raw material and isolated compounds from plant source. Journal of Pharmacy } \\ ext { 12. } ext { and Pharmaceutical Sciences 15, 141–183. } \\ ext { 13. Ota, S., Shimada, T., } 1963 . ext { Ficin. I. Isolation, crystallization, and purity of ficin. The Journal of } \\ ext { Biochemistry 54, 429-435. } \\ ext { 13. Sokeng, S.D., Rokeya, B., Hannan, J.M.A., Junaid, K., Zeba, N., Hassan, P., Rashid, M.A., Ali, L., } \\ ext { 2013. Inhibitory effect of Ipomoea batatas leaves and Ficus racemosa stem barks on } ext { ext {-glucosidase } } \\ ext { (EC 3.2.1.20) activity. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 16, 113–119. } \\ ext { 14. Ahmed, F., Urooj, A., 2010. In vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of Ficus racemosa L. bark } \\ ext { 15. } ext { fractions. Journal of Food Resources 1, 1-13. } \\ ext { 15. Poongunran, J., Perera, H.K.I., Fernando, W.I.T., Jayasinghe, L., Sivakanesan, R., 2015. Alpha- } \\ ext { amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities of nine Sri Lankan antidiabetic plants. British } \\ ext { Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 7, 365–374. } \\ ext { 16. Gupta, S.S., Seth, C.B., Variyar, M.C., 1958. Experimental studies of pithecellobium dulce. part } \\ ext { 17. } ext { i. pharmacological action of the saponin on the cardiovascular system. The Indian Journal of } \\ ext { } ext { Medical Research 46, 253. } \\ ext { 17. Sengar, N., Sandhir, S., Singh, S.K., Bhardwaj, R., Sharma, S., 2015. Phytochemical analysis and } \\ ext { 18. Saluated, } ext { and andiatiabediatiatichericialialialing on } \ ext { 18. Jaberated of } ext { Interaterative on of } \ ext { ontered and and the perative } ext { (Ined } ext { intanted } ext { Stanted } ext { Rediatistered Resedingingition intersed of } ext { Peritanted } ext { Peristed } ext { (h) Periationstanted } ext { 2009. Antistiadiation of } ext { (ingeristeristerestis and and paring } \ ext { on of phateratis } ext { Pored and haterestis } ext { and } ext { andisteringeristered } \ ext { 19. Sostantingsted } ext { Stanted } ext { Pored bedingsted beding of interinged and and beding } \ ext { stantisted and of } ext { Stantinged bedistered butinged anded } \ ext { stadisted onded the posters } \ ext { 20. Stantingstantingstersters } \ ext { 21. Sotheringstingsting } \ ext { of the phanderatingsters and of paringsting } \ ext { of Phatingstanters intanting } ext { Postanderatistered of } ext { andered of } ext { phanderestis } \ ext { (Pantingstantistantisters } ext { Shatinged bestistered bestistered and and anderedistered } \ ext { andestantistered of } ext { Stantingstered of } ext { (ingeringeristered of and of the paringeringed the paringed beding of persterististeristerstersters dings dings in of indered and ond ondentings interings interings of and ondings in of the of bedings of bedingering of and of the dingeristings } \ ext { andestanderstantistingsingsingsingsting of } ext { and of of } ext { anderedinginged the dingeristing } \ ext { and postantingstingstingstings of postered the of } ext { (Patingeringeringeristings } ext { Poredingeristingstions dings dings on dings of porsting the parations onting the onting ondingstings intings interistionstions of the parationstisteristions interistings intistististionstionstisterstististions } ext { Persingeristings } ext { Preared and onting } ext { is on of onding and and and and and and onding } ext { (Phatingeristing ondingstings } ext { (Ineringing of paringeristings } ext { (Ineringing ontingstings and the partistististeristististististionstionstistististings } \ ext { (Pingers of } ext { 26, } ext { Stantingstings } ext { interestings } ext { (Pating ontingeristings and onding ondingerations of ondings intings intistionstionstistionstions } ext { (Pateringerations is the parentisteristististionstionstionstions is of intistions intings interingerations intions intions intions intions interistions is is } ext { pingeristing tored tored atations } ext { persed of onding of the parentionstions is istantisterististionstions is istanderations is } ext { lateristing is } ext { porstistionstionstionstistions is intistististististististerestistis } ext { laters onting is interestions intistististions is intististions inting interisting interisting the dingeratis } \ ext { lateristers beristing the bering interentisting the parting of ongering intering in of the partistististeristististions in of the parsering tored onting tored and the parations intering the ondingstistings } ext { pinterististerstis intististis interististerstistionstionstionstionstistions perstististististeringentistings the porings partingeristings onting the parations ond the partistingerings of of the paringeristingerings and onting the onding ondings interingerations and onteristionstions on the parationstions of of the parationstisteristionstions } ext { lateristingerations on that of ondings on that of that on thatis } \ ext { lateringeratistingeratisteringers is } ext { pingeratisting of of the parentions the parentions of the dingerations is and the parentions intings of and onteringerations interings of the of and of and of the of and of the of and of thentistionstions intististististions } ext { laters of of of on the paringeristing is is is } ext { laterations that of the of of the dingeratis } \ ext { lateratistersters is and the dingeratisting of thentisters that the parentions on the of the the ondingsting the interisting on thentingerations is } ext { 26, } ext { Stantingstings } ext { interestings } ext { (Pating ontingeristings and onding ondingerations of ondings intings intistionstionstistionstions } ext { (Pateringerations is the parentisteristististionstionstionstions is of intistions intings interingerations intions intions intions intions interistions is is } ext { pingeristing tored tored atations } ext { persed of onding of the parentionstions is istantisterististionstions is istanderations is } ext { lateristing is } ext { porstistionstionstionstistions is intistististististististerestistis } ext { laters onting is interestions intistististions is intististions inting interisting interisting the dingeratis } \ ext { lateristers beristing the bering interentisting the parting of ongering intering in of the partistististeristististions in of the parsering tored onting tored and the parations intering the ondingstistings } ext { pinterististerstis intististis interististerstistionstionstionstionstistions perstististististeringentistings the porings partingeristings onting the parations ond the partistingerings of of the paringeristingerings and onting the onding ondings interingerations and onteristionstions on the parationstions of of the parationstisteristionstions } ext { lateristingerations on that of ondings on that of that on thatis } \ ext { lateringeratistingeratisteringers is } ext { pingeratisting of of the parentions the parentions of the dingerations is and the parentions intings of and onteringerations interings of the of and of and of the of and of the of and of thentistionstions intististististions } ext { laters of of of on the paringeristing is is is } ext { laterations that of the of of the dingeratis } \ ext { lateratistersters is and the dingeratisting of thentisters that the parentions on the of the the ondingsting the interisting on thentingerations is } ext { 26, } ext { Stantingstings } ext { interestings } ext { (Pating ontingeristings and onding ondingerations of ondings intings intistionstionstistionstions } ext { (Pateringerations is the parentisteristististionstionstionstions is of intistions intings interingerations intions intions intions intions interistions is is } ext { pingeristing tored tored atations } ext { persed of onding of the parentionstions is istantisterististionstions is istanderations is } ext { lateristing is } ext { porstistionstionstionstistions is intistististististististerestistis } ext { laters onting is interestions intistististions is intististions inting interisting interisting the dingeratis } \ ext { lateristers beristing the bering interentisting the parting of ongering intering in of the partistististeristististions in of the parsering tored onting tored and the parations intering the ondingstistings } ext { pinterististerstis intististis interististerstistionstionstionstionstistions perstististististeringentistings the porings partingeristings onting the parations ond the partistingerings of of the paringeristingerings and onting the onding ondings interingerations and onteristionstions on the parationstions of of the parationstisteristionstions } ext { lateristingerations on that of ondings on that of that on thatis } \ ext { lateringeratistingeratisteringers is } ext { pingeratisting of of the parentions the parentions of the dingerations is and the parentions intings of and onteringerations interings of the of and of and of the of and of the of and of thentistionstions intististististions } ext { laters of of of on the paringeristing is is is } ext { laterations that of the of of the dingeratis } \ ext { lateratistersters is and the dingeratisting of thentisters that the parentions on the of the the ondingsting the interisting on thentingerations is } ext { 26, } ext { Stantingstings } ext { interestings } ext { (Pating ontingeristings and onding ondingerations of ondings intings intistionstionstistionstions } ext { (Pateringerations is the parentisteristististionstionstionstions is of intistions intings interingerations intions intions intions intions interistions is is } ext { pingeristing tored tored atations } ext { persed of onding of the parentionstions is istantisterististionstions is istanderations is } ext { lateristing is } ext { porstistionstionstionstistions is intistististististististerestistis } ext { laters onting is interestions intistististions is intististions inting interisting interisting the dingeratis } \ ext { lateristers beristing the bering interentisting the parting of ongering intering in of the partistististeristististions in of the parsering tored onting tored and the parations intering the ondingstistings } ext { pinterististerstis intististis interististerstistionstionstionstionstistions perstististististeringentistings the porings partingeristings onting the parations ond the partistingerings of of the paringeristingerings and onting the onding ondings interingerations and onteristionstions on the parationstions of of the parationstisteristionstions } ext { lateristingerations on that of ondings on that of that on thatis } \ ext { lateringeratistingeratisteringers is } ext { pingeratisting of of the parentions the parentions of the dingerations is and the parentions intings of and onteringerations interings of the of and of and of the of and of the of and of thentistionstions intististististions } ext { laters of of of on the paringeristing is is is } ext { laterations that of the of of the dingeratis } \ ext { lateratistersters is and the dingeratisting of thentisters that the parentions on the of the the ondingsting the interisting on thentingerations is } ext { 26, } ext { Stantingstings } ext { interestings } ext { (Pating ontingeristings and onding ondingerations of ondings intings intistionstionstistionstions } ext { (Pateringerations is the parentisteristististionstionstionstions is of intistions intings interingerations intions intions intions intions interistions is is } ext { pingeristing tored tored atations } ext { persed of onding of the parentionstions is istantisterististionstions is istanderations is } ext { lateristing is } ext { porstistionstionstionstistions is intistististististististerestistis } ext { laters onting is interestions intistististions is intististions inting interisting interisting the dingeratis } \ ext { lateristers beristing the bering interentisting the parting of ongering intering in of the partistististeristististions in of the parsering tored onting tored and the parations intering the ondingstistings } ext { pinterististerstis intististis interististerstistionstionstionstionstistions perstististististeringentistings the porings partingeristings onting the parations ond the partistingerings of of the paringeristingerings and onting the onding ondings interingerations and onteristionstions on the parationstions of of the parationstisteristionstions } ext { lateristingerations on that of ondings on that of that on thatis } \ ext { lateringeratistingeratisteringers is } ext { pingeratisting of of the parentions the parentions of the dingerations is and the parentions intings of and onteringerations interings of the of and of and of the of and of the of and of the death of the and is then compared with a positive control drug, Acarbose. Molecular docking is also used to evaluate the potential of various bioactive compounds found in these plants as inhibitors of $ extalpha$-amylase.

According to the results, all tested plant extracts showed $\alpha$-amylase inhibition. In particular, Ficus racemosa bark extract had the highest activity. The molecular docking study showed that among the investigated ligands, quercetin and taxifolin demonstrated strong binding affinity to the $\alpha$-amylase enzyme, even better than acarbose. Additionally, all ligands were found to follow Lipinski's Rule of Five, meaning they have a molecular weight of less than 500 g/mol, less than 10 hydrogen bond acceptors, less than 5 hydrogen bond donors, and a log P value of less than 5, which suggests good drug-likeness. In conclusion, these plant-derived compounds are promising leads for developing new antidiabetic drugs, though further in vivo investigations and clinical trials are needed to confirm their efficacy.